Agroecological management in
production of radish fertilized with cow urine
Manejo
agroecológico na produção de rabanete adubado com urina de vaca
Manejo agroecológico en la producción de rábano
fertilizado con orina de vaca
Angélica Danieli Furlanetto
1, Roberto Antonio
Savelli Martinez2, Marcus Vinícius Gonçalves Lima2, Adalberto Santi2, Marice
Cristine Vendruscolo2, Marcio Osvaldo Lima Magalhães2
1Agronomist, graduated from the University State of
Mato Grosso geh_furlanetto@hotmail.com.
2Profesor PhD at the University
State of Mato Grosso, department of Agronomy,
Campus Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso - 358, 7, Jardim Aeroporto, Tangará da
Serra, Mato Grosso, +5565 3311-4922, marcusviníciusagro@hotmail.com.
Recebido: 16/06/2020; Aprovado: 25/09/2020
Abstract: Many consumers have
been looking for increasingly safe foods, without agrochemicals, as those
produced in organic systems. An alternative to this is the use of techniques
that minimize the use of agrochemical inputs. Thus, this study aimed to
evaluate the effect of cow urine application on the performance of radish
crops. The experiment was carried out in Tangará da
Serra, Mato Grosso, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block with
five treatments and four replications. The treatments employed were: Organomineral leaf fertilizer (Platon-25®) and
four doses of cow urine (0 mL; 35 mL; 70 mL and 105 mL). The variables
evaluated were: tuberous root diameter, tuberous root
length, shoot fresh mass, root fresh mass, tuberous root weight, root length.
Application of cow urine, regardless of dose, influenced significantly radish
development. At the 70 mL dose of cow urine, the plants showed the same
development as those that received the application of organomineral
fertilizer. Cow urine provided better radish performance when compared to organomineral fertilizer for most of the variables
analyzed, showing that for the conditions of the study, the 105 mL dose of cow
urine can be used as a foliar biofertilizer in the radish crop.
Keywords:
Raphanus sativus; Biofertilizer; Organic fertilization; Organic
systems.
Resumo: Muitos consumidores têm buscado alimentos mais
seguros, sem agroquímicos, como aqueles produzidos em sistemas orgânicos, uma
alternativa para isso é a utilização de técnicas que minimizem o uso de insumos
agroquímicos. Dessa forma, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito da
aplicação da urina de vaca sobre o desempenho da cultura do rabanete. O
experimento foi realizado no município de Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso,
Brasil. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados,
com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos empregados foram:
fertilizante foliar organomineral (Platon-25®)
e quatro doses de urina de vaca (0 mL; 35 mL; 70 mL e 105 mL). Foram avaliadas as variáveis: diâmetro da raiz
tuberosa, comprimento da raiz tuberosa, massa fresca da parte aérea, massa
fresca das raízes, peso da raiz tuberosa, comprimento das raíz.
Verificou-se que a aplicação da urina de vaca, independentemente da dose,
influenciou significativamente o desenvolvimento do rabanete. Na dose de 70 mL de urina de vaca as plantas apresentaram desenvolvimento
igual as que receberam a aplicação do fertilizante organomineral.
A urina de vaca proporcionou melhor desempenho do rabanete quando comparada ao
fertilizante organomineral para a maioria das
variáveis analisadas, mostrando que, para as
condições do estudo, a dose de 105 mL de urina de
vaca pode ser utilizada como biofertilizante foliar
na cultura do rabanete.
Palavras-chave: Raphanus sativus; Biofertilizante;
Adubação orgânica; Sistemas orgânicos.
Resumen: Muchos consumidores han estado buscando alimentos cada
vez más seguras, sin agroquímicos, como los producidos en sistemas orgánicos.
Una alternativa a esto es el uso de técnicas que minimizan el uso de insumos
agroquímicos. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto
de la aplicación de orina de vaca en el rendimiento de los cultivos de rábano.
El experimento se llevó a cabo en Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso, Brasil. El
diseño experimental fue un bloque aleatorizado con cinco tratamientos y cuatro
repeticiones. Los tratamientos empleados fueron: fertilizante organomineral de las hojas (Platon-25®) y cuatro dosis de
orina de vaca (0 mL; 35 mL;
70 mL y 105 mL). Las
variables evaluadas fueron: diámetro de la raíz tuberosa, longitud de la raíz
tuberosa, masa fresca del brote, masa fresca de la raíz, peso de la raíz
tuberosa, longitud de la raíz. La aplicación de orina de vaca,
independientemente de la dosis, influyó significativamente en el desarrollo del
rábano. Con la dosis de 70 mL de orina de vaca, las
plantas mostraron el mismo desarrollo que las que recibieron la aplicación de
fertilizante organomineral. La orina de vaca
proporcionó un mejor desempeño del rábano en comparación con el fertilizante organomineral para la mayoría de las variables analizadas,
mostrando que para las condiciones del estudio, la
dosis de 105 mL de orina de vaca se puede utilizar
como biofertilizante foliar en el cultivo de rábano.
Palabras Clave: Raphanus sativus; Biofertilizante; Fertilización orgânica; Sistemas orgânicos.
INTRODUCTION
The radish (Raphanus sativus L.) crop has become an
alternative to growers due to a faster economic return, as it is characterized
as one of the shortest cycle crops (SILVA et al., 2012a), with cultivation
concentrated on green belts, produced mainly by small producers (LINHARES et al.,
2010).
Due to its rapid production
cycle, radish requires significant applications of nitrogen and potassium in
the soil to achieve adequate levels of productivity (CASTRO et al., 2016),
which increases production costs, compromising the economic and environmental
sustainability of rural property.
An alternative to lower
production costs on the property would be to search for techniques that
minimize the use of chemical inputs and provide a reduction on environmental
impacts.
In the exploration for the
preservation of finite natural resources, there is a significant increase in
the number of organic sources in agricultural crops, with potential for
substitution of mineral fertilization, this may represent, depending on the
context in which it is inserted, an economic and environmental alternative. In
this regard, the use of liquid organic fertilizers has gained prominence as a
possibility of reducing the addition of synthetic inputs to soils and plants
(SOUSA et al., 2014).
Among available organic fertilizers,
cow urine is a natural element that replaces chemical fertilizers (VERÁS et
al., 2014) and is widely available on several rural properties (OLIVEIRA et
al., 2010). Cow urine is a biofertilizer rich in mineral elements such as
potassium and nitrogen, contributing to the supply of nutrients and other
substances that are beneficial to plants at low cost. Its use poses no health
risks to producers and consumers and is ready for use, however, it is
recommended to only add water; It also presents compounds that improve plant
health, providing more resistance to plant pests and diseases (BEAUNE, 2018)
Several studies have been
conducted with this organic fertilizer and have shown positive effects as in
César et al. (2007) which analyzing the effects of cow urine on cucumber
seedlings, observed that urine significantly stimulated seedlings growth.
Authors such as Andrade et al. (2014), Véras et al.
(2014) and Araújo et al. (2014a) also worked with the application of cow urine
to lettuce and passion fruit plants and obtained positive results.
However, because it has a
varied constitution, tests on dosages, application times and responses of crops
to the application of cow urine are necessary. In this context, the aim of this
study was to evaluate the effect of the application of cow urine on the radish
crop performance.
MATERIALS AND
METHODS
Experiment location and
environmental conditions
The trial was carried out from
october to december 2015
and conducted in the field at the University State of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Campus
Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso, Brazil, located at
coordinates 14º37'55 south latitude and 57º28'05” west longitude (Figure 1).
The region's climate is characterized by an average annual rainfall of 1800 mm
and an average annual temperature of 24.4 °C (DALLACORT et al., 2011).
The soil of the experimental
area is classified as Distroferric Red Latosol
(MOREIRA; VASCONCELOS, 2007). Soil analysis at the experimental area showed the
following results: pH (CaCl2) = 5.40; H + Al= 3.25 cmolc
dm-3; Ca+2+Mg2+ = 48.3 cmolc dm-3; Ca2+ = 3.18 cmolc
dm-3; K+ = 0.32 cmolc
dm-3; P (resin) = 4.50 mg dm-3; organic matter = 32.00 g dm-3; CTC = 8.40 cmolc dm-3 e V% = 61.30%.
Figure 1. Location of the experiment, University State
of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Campus Tangará da Serra,
Mato Grosso, Brazil
The soil correction was
carried out by adding a dolomitic limestone, based on the Al3+ neutralization
method and elevation of the Ca2+ and Mg2+ levels and
fertilization recommendation according to Alvarez and Ribeiro (1999). At 30
days before planting the limestone was incorporated into the soil, followed by
daily irrigations. Five days before planting, fertilization was carried out
with 30 t ha-1 of manure, 40 kg ha-1 of urea, 110 kg ha-1
of single superphosphate and 90 kg ha-1 of potassium chloride.
Experimental
design and treatments
The experimental design used
was randomized blocks, with five treatments and four replications. The treatments
used were: 200 mL of Platon-25 (Composition of organomineral
leaf fertilizer: nitrogen: 70.0g L-1; phosphorus: 84,0g L-1;
potassium: 84,0g L-1; calcium: 14.0g L-1; magnesium 7.0g
L-1) and four doses of cow urine in the concentrations of 0
mL; 35 ml; 70 mL and 105 mL were used per m2, respectively. As
fertilizer dilutions for foliar applications the Boemeke's
(2002) proposals were followed, for cow urine. Three applications of urine and
fertilizers were performed at 15, 22 and 29 days after emergence (DAE).
The application was carried
out via leaf with the use of a manual spray. The dilutions were prepared with
distilled water just before its application standardizing the dosage of each
treatment.
The urine used was collected
from cows during lactation of a dairy herd with proven health at Santa Rita´s
farm, located at the municipality of Sapezal - MT, on
one single day. The urine was stored in a disinfected plastic container, which
was kept closed and stored on a shelter, according to (PESAGRO-RIO, 2002). An urine sample was taken and analyzed and its chemical
composition presented below (Table 1).
|
Table
1.
Cows urine chemical characteristics |
|||||
|
pH |
N |
P |
K |
Ca |
Mg |
|
____________________________ (g L-¹) ____________________________ |
|||||
|
6.6 |
3.12 |
11.3 |
4.94 |
0.60 |
0.32 |
Crop conduction
The experimental unit
consisted of allotments with four planting rows of 2.0 m in length, considering
only the two central lines of each plot as useful area for evaluations,
discarding 0.5 m of each row end.
The planting was executed by
direct sowing, one centimeter deep, placing four seeds in the spacing of 0.25 x
0.10 m. Fourteen days after planting, thinning occurred, leaving one plant.
Daily irrigations were
performed in two shifts avoiding possible water deficiency and impairment of
plant development. Weed control was carried out by hand weeding, and no pest
and disease control were required.
Variables
evaluated
Radish harvest was carried out
32 days after sowing. The following variables were evaluated: tuberous root diameter
(cm) (TRD), tuberous root length (cm) (TRL), fresh shoot mass (g) (FSM) fresh
root mass (g) (FRM), tuberous root weight (g) (TRW), root length (cm) (RL).
For the evaluation of fresh
shot and root mass and tuberous root weight the plants were weighed in a
digital electronic scale, expressing the values in grams (g), and for the
diameter and length a digital caliper was used, with the results expressed in
centimeters (cm).
Statistical
analysis
The obtained data were
submitted to variance analysis and with significant results submitted to Tukey
test or regression at 5% probability, using the statistical analysis software
SISVAR (FERREIRA, 2011). A Pearson (r) linear correlation coefficient matrix
was calculated using the Office Excel application.
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
Table 2 shows the results of
tuberous root diameter (TRD), tuberous root length (TRL), root length (RL),
tuberous root weight (TRW), fresh root mass (FRM) and fresh shoot mass (FSM) submitted to the application of cow urine in comparison to organomineral fertilization, via foliar application.
|
Table 2. Results
of tuberous root diameter (TRD), tuberous root length (TRL), root
length (RL), tuberous root weight (TRW), fresh root mass (FRM) and fresh shoot mass (FSM) submitted to the
application of cow urine in comparison to organomineral
fertilization, via foliar application |
||||||
|
Treatment |
TRD |
TRL |
RL |
TRW |
FRM |
FSM |
|
-------------------------------- (cm)
-------------------------------- |
-------------(g) ------------- |
|||||
|
0 mL |
1.64e |
3.10c |
5.76b |
7.46d |
0.68c |
4.49d |
|
35 mL |
1.95d |
3.14c |
5.84b |
10.55c |
0.80bc |
5.64d |
|
70 mL |
2.21c |
3.47b |
6.16b |
14.87b |
0.81bc |
7.40c |
|
105 mL |
2.70a |
4.08a |
7.15a |
27.39a |
1.19a |
13.59a |
|
Fertilizer |
2.39b |
3.60b |
6.86a |
25.90a |
0.93b |
9.87b |
|
CV (%) |
1.81 |
3.74 |
3.34 |
4.84 |
9.75 |
7.75 |
|
*Means followed by
distinct letters in the column differ from each other by Tukey's test, p <
0.05). |
||||||
There was no significant
difference (p > 0.05) between the 105 mL dose and the organomineral
fertilizer used for the root length and tuberous root weight variables.
The 105 mL dose of cow urine,
via foliar application, provided better results for the diameter of the
tuberous root, length of the tuberous root, fresh mass of the tuberous root and
fresh mass of the shoot, in relation to the organomineral
fertilizer (Table 2). The dose of 70 mL of cow´s urine, presented results similar to the organomineral
fertilizer in relation to the length of tuberous root. Doses of 0 and 35 mL
showed similar results for most of the variables analyzed.
Makaya et al. (2014)
stated that cow urine is a natural product composed of several substances that
improve plant health, reducing dependence on pesticides, and can be used as an
excellent biofertilizer. This can be verified in this work, because the higher
doses of cow urine, provided larger diameters and length of tuberous root, in
addition to greater fresh mass of the aerial part, when compared with the organomineral fertilizer.
It is believed that the data
found are related to the chemical properties of cow´s urine, according to
Freire et al. (2018), nutrients such as potassium, nitrogen, sodium, sulfur,
magnesium, calcium, phosphorus and traces of other elements are responsible for
the fertilizing activity of urine in plants, a fact that also makes them more
resistant to attacks by pests and diseases.
Table 3 shows the values of Pearson's
correlation coefficient where the value 1 indicates a perfect linear
relationship, we see that all variables have a linear association with each
other, which is still positive. Thus, as the doses of cow urine increase the
growth of the analyzed variables also tends to be higher.
Cow urine is an alternative
resource for agricultural use, in organic or conventional crops. On the
pepper´s crop, cow urine is indicated as an alternative to complement the
fertilization of plants in organic systems (FREIRE et al., 2019).
According to Ferreira (1995),
urea and ammonium are the most common forms of N in the urine of adult cattle,
but there is a great variation in their concentrations, this occurs due to the
type of food the animal consumes. Approximately 75% of total N-urine in cattle
is made up of urea (ARAÚJO et al., 2018).
|
Table 3. Pearson correlation
coefficient matrix between Tuberous root diameter (TRD), tuberous root length
(TRL), root length (RL), tuberous root weight (TRW), fresh root mass (FRM)
and fresh shoot mass (FSM) |
||||||
|
|
TRD |
TRL |
RL |
TRW |
FRM |
FSM |
|
TRD |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
TRL |
0.908** |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
RL |
0.866** |
0.773** |
1 |
|
|
|
|
TRW |
0.974** |
0.923** |
0.919** |
1 |
|
|
|
FRM |
0.964** |
0.914** |
0.923** |
0.990** |
1 |
|
|
FSM |
0.876** |
0.806** |
0.877** |
0.893** |
0.928** |
1 |
The increasing linear
regression model (y = 5.451 + 0.1832x*), with 1% significance, was the one that
best fit the radish tuberous root weight (TRW) values as a function of
fertilization with different doses of cow urine (Figure 2). found with the 105
mL dose, and this dose provided an increase of 19.93g, being equivalent to
267.16% of the TRW when compared to the absence of cow urine. According to this
regression model, it was estimated that the highest TRW value was 27.39g.
Figure 2. Radish tuberous
root weight as a function of foliar cow urine doses
Urea passes through
the cuticle of plants faster than other compounds and nutrients, and increases
with concentration, but not proportionally, suggesting that this passage does
not occur by simple diffusion but by facilitated diffusion (SANTOS et al., 2019). It is believed that urea may break chemical
bonds between cuticle components promoting increased cell membrane permeability
(TAIZ, 2004).
These
results are similar to de Silva et al. (2012b), who
found that biofertilizer applied to the leaf and soil provided additional gains
of 15.4 and 10%, respectively, in the yield of yam tubers, in relation to the
supply of cattle manure alone.
The increasing linear
regression models were the best fit for the tuberous root diameter (TRD) values
(y = 1.609 + 0.0098x*) and tuberous root length (TRL) (y = 2.957 + 0.0093x*) of
radish as a function of fertilization with different doses of cow urine (Figure
3). According to these regression models, it was estimated that the highest
values of TRD (2.7 cm) and TRL (4.08 cm) were found with the 105 mL dose, and
this dose provided 1.06 cm increments. and 0.98 cm, these values correspond to
64.63% and 31.61% of TRD and TRL, respectively, when compared to the absence of
cow urine.
Figure 3. Diameter and length of radish tuberous root as
a function of cow urine doses applied via leaf
According to
Pereira (2016), cow urine is a nutrient-rich biofertilizer, mainly nitrogen and
potassium and can be used as a natural fertilizer and pesticide in the organic
production system, providing good yields in vegetables, this is confirmed by
the results observed in this study in which can be observed a larger diameter
and length of tuberous root as cow urine doses are increased.
Véras et al. (2014b)
assessing the diameter of Tamarindus indica observed an increasing linear growth, gradually
increasing the dosages of cow urine solution, where the best results were found
in the highest dosages of 80 and 100 mL.
Souza et al. (2010)
studying the effect of cow urine doses on the growth of Castor bean seedlings found that stem diameter was positively
influenced by the application of 5 mL of cow urine.
Silva et al. (2010)
verified the increase in diameter of purple Ipê (Tabebuia
impetiginosa) plants as a function of foliar
fertilization with cow urine. The plants that received application of urine in
the highest concentrations presented greater development in diameter,
surpassing the effects observed by treatment with conventional nitrogen source.
The increasing linear
regression model (y = 5.554 + 0.0128x*) was the best fit for radish root length
(RL) values as a function of fertilization with different doses of cow urine
(Figure 4). According to this regression model, it was estimated that the
highest RL value (7.15 cm) was found with the 105 mL dose, and this dose
provided an increase of 1.39 cm, this value is equivalent to 24.13% of RL when
compared to absence of cow urine.
Figure 4. Radish root length as a function of cow urine
applied via leaf
In the works developed by
Santos et al. (2019) and Beaune (2018), all the nutrients required by the plant
were present in urine, but potassium was its main component, however the urine
used in this study presented a higher P concentration, as can be verified in
Table 1. Lovatto et al. (2011) stated that the
balance of the components, in addition to varying greatly with the water,
nutritional and physiological states of the animals, may not meet the demand of
all plants, which makes it necessary to evaluate each crop.
According to Araújo et al.
(2018), elements such as potassium, nitrogen, chlorine, sodium, as well as
phenols and indoleacetic acid are widely found in cow urine and have effects on
plants. In the work can be observed positive effects on the increase of radish
root length (1.39 cm) when 105 mL of cow urine was used. Santos et al. (2019),
studying the beet, found that the application of cow urine stimulated the
development of plants. However, it cannot prove that this effect was due to the
increase in the concentration of nutrients.
Andrade et al. (2014) analyzed
the use of cow urine and earthworm humus in lettuce growth, and observed that root
length was statistically influenced by cow urine doses, where the maximum value
was found at the highest dose with 16.5 cm of length corresponding to the dose
of 40 mL.
The increasing linear
regression model (y = 3.421 + 0.083x**) was the best fit for radish fresh shoot mass (FSM) values as a function of
fertilization with different doses of cow urine (Figure 5). According to this
regression model, it was estimated that the highest FSM value (13.59g) was
found with the 105 mL dose, and this dose provided an increase of 9.1g. This value
is equivalent to 202.67% of FSM compared to absence of cow urine.
Oliveira et al. (2009) when
studying the effect of cow urine on sugar beet cultivation, found that there
was an increment on the sugar beet leaf area. Another positive result was
observed by Alencar et al. (2012) studying the effect
of cow urine on the nutritional status of lettuce in which the application in
the interval of 05 days obtained the best results with an increment of 25.74g.
Figure 5. Radish fresh shoot mass according to cow urine
doses applied via leaf
Araújo et al. (2014b) studying
available water levels and cow urine doses on cantaloupe melon development
observed that there was a significant 1% influence on total fresh mass with the
application of 60 mL cow urine dose.
Lovatto et al. (2011)
verified significant effect on fresh mass of cabbage leaves with cow urine via
substrate obtaining the best response with 30% dose. In other work Oliveira et
al. (2009) evaluating cow's urine solution in Beta vulgaris, observed a
growing response to the application of cow urine solutions, the effect being
more pronounced when applied via soil, compared to the leaf.
CONCLUSION
Cow urine provided better
radish performance when compared to organomineral
fertilizer for most of the variables analyzed, showing that for the conditions
of the study, the 105 mL dose of cow urine can be used as a foliar
biofertilizer in the radish crop.
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