Revista Verde (1981-8203) Pombal, Brasil
v. 18, n. 4,
out-dez, p. 122-126, 2023.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18378/rvads.v18i4.9740
Greenhouse crops of radish under organomineral fertilization sources in the Brazilian
semiarid region
Cultivo
protegido de rabanete sob fontes de adubação organomineral no semiárido brasileiro
Ancélio Ricardo de Oliveira Gondim1*; Renato
Pereira de Lira2; Francisco Hevilásio
Freire Pereira3; Hélio Tavares de Oliveira Neto4; Francisco
de Assis da Silva5; Joaquim Vieira Lima Neto6
1Federal University of
Campina Grande, Science Academic Unit, Pombal, Paraíba,
Brazil. ancelio.ricardo@professor.ufcg.edu.br; 2Agronomist, Texeira,
Paraíba, Brazil. renatolira100@hotmail.com; 3Federal University of
Campina Grande, Science Academic Unit, Pombal, Paraíba,
Brazil. fhfpereira@hotmail.com; 4Agronomist, Pombal, Paraíba,
Brazil. helio_tavaares@hotmail.com;
5Agronomist, Santa Helena, Paraíba, Brazil. jumaassis@yahoo.com.br; 6Agronomist, SENAR/CE, Barro, Ceará,
Brazil. joaquindeps2@hotmail.com. *Corresponding author
ancelio.ricardo@professor.ufcg.edu.br
Received: 01-04-2022; Accepted: 23-08-2023
ABSTRACT
The
cultivation of radish in an organic system has potential for production to such
a degree that alternatives of cultivation have been used to improve productivity
in relation to fertilization. Therefore, the objective of this work was to
evaluate the effect of organomineral fertilization on
gas exchange, growth, and production of radish. The experiment was carried in
non-climatized greenhouse crop, with a metallic structure in form of arc,
covered with 150 mm low-density polyethylene, in greater length-oriented East-Oste direction of Science and Technology Center of Federal
University of Campina Grande, using the Crimson Gigante variety. The soil used
experiment was fluvic neosol. The experimental design
used was the completely randomized with three replications, using the Crimson
Gigante variety. Seven treatments were used, which consisted of three doses of
cattle manure (37.5; 75.0, and 150g per pot), three concentrations of
biofertilizer (5; 10 and 15%), and mineral fertilization. This work analyzed
the characteristics of growth, production, and gas exchange. The treatment (5%
biofertilizer) provided greater height of the radish plants, however, the (75.0g
manure per pot) resulted in a higher number of leaves. The concentration of 10%
of the biofertilizer, obtained the largest diameter, fresh and dry matter of
the tuberous root. The treatment presented higher fresh and dry matter of the
leaves when compared with the other treatments. The use of organic fertilizers
promoted greater production in the radish crop and can be used as an
alternative to conventional fertilization.
Keywords: Organic fertilizer, Raphanus sativus L., Biofertilizer
RESUMO: O cultivo do rabanete em sistema
orgânico apresenta potencial de produção em escala familiar de tal forma que diversas alternativas de cultivo têm sido utilizadas
para melhorar a produtividade
em relação à adubação. Para isto, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da adubação organomineral nas trocas gasosas, no crescimento e na produção do rabanete. O experimento foi realizado em casa-de-vegetação não climatizada,
com estrutura metálica em forma de arco, coberta com 150
mm de polietileno de baixa densidade, com maior comprimento orientado no sentido Leste-Oste do Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade
Federal de Campina Grande, utilizando a variedade Crimson Gigante. O solo utilizado
para o experimento foi neossolo fluvico. O delineamento experimental utilizado
foi inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. Utilizou-se sete tratamentos nos quais foram
constituídos de três doses
de esterco bovino (37,5;
75,0 e 150g por vaso), três concentrações de biofertilizante (5; 10 e 15%) e a adubação mineral (controle). Analisou-se as características de
crescimento, produção e trocas gasosas. O tratamento (5% de biofertilizante)
proporcionou maior altura das plantas do rabanete, entretanto o uso de 75,0g de esterco por vaso apresentou
maior número de folhas. A concentração de 10% do biofertilizante, obteve o maior diâmetro, matéria fresca e seca da raiz tuberosa. O tratamento com
75,0g de esterco por vaso apresentou maior matéria fresca e seca das folhas. A utilização de adubos orgânicos promoveu maior produção na cultura do rabanete,
podendo ser utilizado como alternativa a adubação convencional.
Palavras-chave:
Fertilizante organico, Raphanus sativus L., Biofertilizante
The radish (Raphanus
sativus L.), a small brassica species, is one of the vegetables that have
been grown for more than three thousand years in western Asia (China) and
southern Europe (FILGUEIRA, 2008). In comparison to other vegetables, its
consumption is not popular but it is as a good option
for family farming whose main focus is the promotion of organic production in
the countryside, without the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers
(SEDIYAMA et al., 2014).
Radish plants have high nutritional requirements which was
reported by Basha and El-Aila (2015) in their work using foliar fertilization
with amino acids and fertilizers. Therefore, it is clear that
in some studies significant responses were observed in relation to the
intercalated or not application of manure with biofertilizers (KUMAR et al.,
2014).
The use of manure improves the physical and chemical
characteristics of the soil, increasing the penetration and retention of water
and the soil's microfauna providing a reduction in chemical fertilizers that
can meet the demand by the crop (MEDEIROS et al., 2019). Another benefit
provided by organic fertilization is the slow effect of nutrient release
(YAGIOKA et al., 2014). This gradual release of nutrients to the plant allows
economy in the use of fertilizers. Thus, the recommendation of Trani et al.
(2018) is to apply 30 to 50 t ha-1 of tanned cattle manure. Silva et
al. (2017), working with green manure found that the supply of nutrients by
green manure and the period of maximum demand for radish was observed in the
time of incorporation of 22 days before planting so that it provided greater
commercial yields and total roots.
Another form of fertilization is the use of biofertilizers,
which has been recommended to maintain the nutritional balance of plants. Thus,
the use of this product by small farmers is a viable and economical
alternative, as a recommended practice for fertilization purposes (ALGERI et
al., 2020). Biofertilizers mainly consist of a positive alternative to chemical
fertilizers. They can increase the biological fixation of N, the availability
and absorption of nutrients besides stimulating natural hormones (MOSA et al.,
2014). According to Sousa et al. (2016), cattle biofertilizer provides high
values in the growth and productivity of radish.
On
the other hand, mineral fertilization is widely used in the fertilization of
radish. It is possible to mention several works that corroborate for the
increase in the productivity. The increase in the nitrogen dose (from 0 to 100
kg ha-1) in radish provided greater production
of leaves and roots, as well as in the number of commercial roots (QUADROS et
al., 2010). As a result, alterations may happen in the development, modifying
the physiology and the morphology of the plant, as well as the soil, making it
necessary, then, to carry out experiments to verify the effect of the combined
use of organic fertilizers and mineral fertilizers, for the supply of
nutrients, according to the growth and in the crop production (CORTEZ et al.,
2010). The organic fertilizers added to the soil do not immediately make
available the total amounts of nutrients to the plants, but they bring numerous
benefits, so a continuous application of organic fertilizers tends to favor the
gradual accumulation of nutrients in the soil, providing a residual effect for
subsequent crops.
Experiments regarding the combined use of organic
fertilizers, manure and liquid fertilizers and their effects on short-cycle
crops, such as radishes, are scarce (CORTEZ et al., 2010). Therefore, the
objective of this work was to evaluate the gas exchange, growth, and production
of the radish fertilized with cattle manure, biofertilizers, and mineral
fertilization.
Location and characterization of the
experimental site
The experiment was em casa-de-vegetação não climatizada,
com estrutura metálica em forma de arco, coberta com 150
mm de polietileno de baixa densidade (PBDE), com maior comprimento orientado no sentido Leste-Oste, using pots,
at the Center for Science and Agri-Food Technology (CCTA) of the Federal
University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Pombal campus Paraiba State (PB), Brazil
(6°46’12” latitude S and 37°48’7” longitude W and an average altitude of 184
m). According to the Köppen’s classification, the
local climate is BSw’h’, characterized as hot and dry
semi-arid, with an average annual rainfall of 700 mm, high temperatures,
leading to strong evaporation, the average annual temperature of 30.5°C, with
only two well-defined climatic seasons throughout the year, one rainy season
and the other is the dry season.
The soil of the experimental area, was characterized
following the criteria of the Brazilian soil classification system (SiBCS) (EMBRAPA 2013), therefore classified as Fluvic Neosol. Prior to the experiment setting, a soil sample was
taken to determine the following physical characteristics: Sandy-loam texture
(sand = 0.81; silt = 0.03; clay = 0.15; and silt/clay ratio = 0.15 kg / kg-1)
and chemical analysis: pH (water) = 7.0; P = 28.6 mg dm-3; K = 45.5;
Na = 33.0; Ca = 4.20; Mg = 3.40; Al = 0.0; H + Al = 0.0; SB (sum of bases) =
7.86; t = 7.86; CEC = 7.86 cmolc dm-3; V =
100%; m = 0%; PST = 2%.
The experimental design used in this work was the completely
randomized, consisting of seven treatments and three replications, with three
plants per plot. T1 = soil + cattle manure (37g equivalent to 15 t ha-1);
T2 = soil + cattle manure (75g equivalent to 30 t ha-1, recommended
dose); T3 = soil + cattle manure (150g equivalent to 60 t ha-1); T4
= soil + 5%(v:v) biofertilizer;
T5 = soil + 10% biofertilizer; T6 = soil + 15% biofertilizer; T7 = soil control
+ mineral fertilizer (coverage).
The radish cultivar Crimson Gigante was used in the
experiment. Sowing was performed in a pot with a capacity of 5 dm³, placing
three seeds and, after total emergence, the plants were chopped leaving one
plant per pot, being filled with soil. The experimental plot consisted of three
plants.
First, the treatments that received cattle manure were
previously incorporated fifteen days before the beginning of the experiment.
The chemical characteristics were, as follows: EC: 4.12 dS
m-1; pH (CaCl2) = 7.3; P = 244 mg dm-3; K =
12.5; Na = 5.81; Ca = 5.20; Mg = 10.40; Al = 0.0; H + Al = 0.0; SB = 33.91; CEC
= 33.91 cmolc dm-3; OM = 362 g
kg-1. Then, all treatments received the mineral fertilizer at
planting, using the following amounts: 1.7 g of Urea; 17.0 g of MAP and 4.25 g
of KCl per pot, adapted according to Trani et al.
(2018).
The chemically enriched biofertilizer was obtained through
anaerobic fermentation, using 200-L barrels for 30 days, with a hose connected
to a transparent plastic bottle with water to remove methane gas through the
fermentation of anaerobic bacteria. The biofertilizer was prepared using a
mixture of cut leaves of leguminous species (2 kg), milled corn grains (2 kg),
cattle milk (1 liter), cane juice (1 liter), ash (1 kg), fresh cattle manure (4
kg), borax and zinc sulfate (10 g each) and 500 g of urea, 500 g of ammonium
phosphate and 500 g of KCl.
Over the experiment period, five applications of the
biofertilizer solution were carried out on the radish plants, every seven days.
The application was done in the coldest hours of the day, which was in the morning.
The biofertilizer applications were carried out weekly with a volume of 150 ml
of the solution in each pot. The T7 control treatment received five topdressing
fertilization using 0.4g of urea and 0.22g of KCl.
Each pot received, in each application, the solution of the nutrients diluted
in water, promoting a better absorption by the radish plants. Also, five
applications of Fe - EDTA iron were also carried out, where 1 ml of the stock
solution was placed into 1 L of water, according to Trani et al. (2018).
After fermentation, three samples of the biofertilizer were
collected in the upper, middle, and lower parts of the barrel and diluted in
water at the proportion of 1:1 to evaluate the electrical conductivity, pH, and
chemical composition. The electrical conductivity and pH of the biofertilizer
at concentrations of 5, 10, and 15%, were respectively: 0.91; 1.47 and 2.03 dS m-¹ and 6.01; 6.21 and 6.47. The results of the chemical
analysis of the biofertilizer showed the following equivalent results: N = 7.0;
P = 0.48; K = 126.2; Ca = 51.5; Mg = 28.0 g kg-1.
In the first fifteen days of cultivation, irrigations
supplying 70 mL were performed manually once a day (morning). After the fifteen
days, the irrigations were carried out twice a day (morning and afternoon),
supplying 14 mL. Other cultivation practices, weed
control, and pest control were always carried out when necessary.
The gas exchanges of the plants were determined using the LCPro + portable photosynthesis meter (ADC BioScientific Ltda), operating
with irradiation of 1200 μmol photons m-2
s-1 and CO2 from the environment at 3 m above the soil
surface, obtaining the following variables: CO2 assimilation rate
(A) (μmol m-2 s-1), transpiration
(E) (mol of H2O m-2 s-1), stomatal conductance
(gs) (mol of H2O m-2 s-1)
intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) (μmol
m-2 s-1). The readings were performed on the third leaf
counted from the apex, 40 days after transplanting (DAT) of the radish plants.
The radish plants were harvested at 50 DAT and then the
following were evaluated: i) plant height (HEIGHT),
measured with a ruler graduated in centimeters (cm) from the base to the last
photosynthetically active leaf; ii) the number of leaves per plant (NL), by
counting mature leaves; iii) diameter of the tuberous root (TRD), measured with
a digital pachymeter using the largest longitudinal diameter of the radish and
expressed in centimeters (cm); iv) fresh and dry matter of the leaf (LFM and
LDM) and fresh and dry matter of the tuberous root (TRFM and TRTD), obtained
through the collecting of the material, then washing (running water, 3 ml L-1
of detergent solution, water current, 0.1 mol L-1 HCl solution and
distilled water, respectively) followed by partition and finally drying it in a
forced circulation oven at 65 ºC for 72 hours and weighing on an analytical
scale, with values expressed in grams per plant (g plant-1 ).
The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance
using the F test. For the significant evaluated characteristics, the Tukey test
was applied to compare the means of the suggested treatments. All tests were
performed at a probability level of 0.05 using the statistical software SISVAR
version 5.1 (FERREIRA 2011).
Growth and production
It was found that all the assessed characteristics were
significant at 1% probability, by the ‘F’ test.
Having a larger number of leaves and a greater fresh and dry
leaf matter, T2 (30 t ha-1 of manure) was enough to translocate the photoassimilates in the tuberous root, thus reflecting an
increment in the production. On the other hand, T3 (60 t ha-1 of
manure) expressed the lowest production in all the characteristics evaluated
concerning T2, except for plant height and root diameter. The increase in the
manure dose may have promoted a nutritional imbalance in the plant and a
consequent reduction in production in the evaluated characteristics (Table 1).
Similar results were observed by some authors, such as Cortez et al. (2010),
and Lanna et al. (2018), who found a reduction in production as well as in the
percentage of split roots with the increase in manure doses when working with
doses of radish cattle manure. Sediyama et al. (2014)
also points out that the nutritional balance provides greater productivity than
separately greater amounts of macronutrients.
It was observed that the plant height was influenced by the
treatments, so that the T4 (5% of the biofertilizer in the concentration of
52.5 mL L-1,) showed a higher mean although it did not differ from
the treatments 1, 5, 6, and 7. The higher plant height may be related to the
availability of nitrogen, an essential element in plant growth and responsible
for leaf expansion, due to the supply through organic fertilization (SILVA et
al., 2016). On the other hand, the use of biofertilizer in treatments 5, 6, and
7 improved the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil (data
not shown), in addition to providing greater and better plant development,
which was also observed by Pereira et al. (2013).
Table 1 Plant height (HEIGHT), Number of leaves (NL), Diameter of
the tuberous root (TRD), leaf fresh matter (LFM) leaf dry matter (LDM),
tuberous root fresh matter (TRFM) tuberous root dry matter (TRDM) in radish
plants cultivated in a protected environment and fertilized with alternative
sources organomineral
|
Treatments* |
HEIGHT (cm) |
NL |
TRD (cm) |
LFM (g) |
LDM (g) |
TRFM (g) |
TRDM (g) |
|
T1 |
19.17ab |
7.67ab |
4.12a |
29.96 bc |
2.44 bc |
32.90 ab |
2.25abc |
|
T2 |
18.23 bc |
9.67a |
3.86ab |
44.58a |
3.74a |
41.03 a |
2.71ab |
|
T3 |
16.10 c |
6.67 b |
3.12 b |
13.60 d |
1.34 d |
17.73 d |
1.28c |
|
T4 |
21.27a |
8.00ab |
3.84ab |
37.95ab |
3.14abc |
28.82 bc |
2.03abc |
|
T5 |
19.50ab |
7.33ab |
4.37a |
40.41a |
3.32ab |
41.82 a |
2.91a |
|
T6 |
18.87abc |
6.33 b |
2.92 b |
25.76 c |
2.12 cd |
18.38 cd |
1.55 bc |
|
T7 |
19.07abc |
7.00 b |
3.63ab |
29.77 bc |
2.75abc |
29.97 b |
2.41abc |
|
DMS |
3.02 |
2.51 |
9.52 |
8.24 |
1.05 |
10.70 |
1.19 |
* T1 – 37 g cattle manure per pot (15 t ha-1);
T2 – 75 g cattle manure per m² (30 t ha-1) recomended;
T3 – 150 g cattle manure per m² (60 t ha-1); T4 – 5% biofertilizer
at a concentration of 52.5 mL L-1; T5 – 10% biofertilizer at a
concentration of 105 mL L-1; T6 – 15% biofertilizer at a
concentration of 157.5 mL L-1; T7 – control (mineral fertilization).
Means with different letters differ from each other by test of Tukey at 5%
probability.
It was observed even though it did not differ from the T2,
the T5 treatment showed better results of the diameter of the tuberous root,
fresh and dry matter of the tuberous root, displaying means of 4.37cm; 41.82g
and 2.91g, respectively (Table 1). The superiority of the T5 treatment may be
related to the number of nutrients available in the biofertilizer. In this
case, 10% of the biofertilizer, that is, 126.2 g kg-1 (data analysis of the
biofertilizer) was sufficient to meet the needs of the crop, considered an
organic fertilizer with readily available fertilizer with nutrients readily
available to act as an alternative to mineral fertilizer for plants. The effect
of applying biofertilizers to the soil has also been observed by some authors
such as Santos et al. (2019), when working with yields of cattle-biofertilized strawberry found that the highest doses of
biofertilizer imply maximum productivity. The reports in other cultures were
observed by Freitas et al. (2011) when evaluating green manure, organic
compost, and biofertilizer and found that the biofertilizer applied to broccoli
promoted a greater production. Sediyama et al.
(2014), report that one of the main alternatives for supplementing nutrients in
organic vegetable production is the use of liquid organic fertilizers.
The T6 treatment presented values low the other treatments
with biofertilizer. This reduction was probably caused by the electrical
conductivity of the biofertilizer solution, obtaining 2.03 dS
m-1, which may have promoted a reduction in the evaluated
characteristics. Similar results were observed by Sousa et al. (2016) where it
was found that irrigation with brackish water in the radish crop in soil with
organic fertilizers influenced the characteristics of the plant with an
increase in salinity from 1.5 dS m-1.
No significant influence (p <0.05) was found in the
treatments used in relation to gas exchange in radish plants. The highest
values of the CO2 assimilation rate (27.0 μmol
m-2 s-1), transpiration (5.01 mmol m-2 s-1),
stomatal conductance (0.57 mmol m-2 s-1) and
intercellular CO2 concentration (250.0 μmol
m-2 s-1), were obtained in the T1, T5, T7, and T7
treatments, respectively (Table 2).
It was observed that in T1, the intercellular CO2
concentration did not numerically follow the same behavior as the CO2
assimilation rate, suggesting that the lower net photosynthesis (A) can be
attributed to both stomatal limitations, due to the decrease in CO2 availability
in mesophyll and carboxylation sites, as non-stomatal, possibly determined by
the partial inactivation of rubisco, as well as by the amount of this enzyme
(FERREIRA et al., 2014).
Table 2. Physiological variables of radish
plants cultivated in a protected environment and fertilized with alternative
sources organomineral. CO2 assimilation
rate (A), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs),
and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci)
|
Treatments |
A (μmol m-2
s-1) |
E (mmol m-2
s-1) |
Gs (mmol m-2
s-1) |
Ci (μmol m-2
s-1) |
|
T1 |
27.00a |
4.82a |
0.47a |
236.00a |
|
T2 |
24.45a |
4.91a |
0.53a |
249.50a |
|
T3 |
18.78a |
4.34a |
0.46a |
227.00a |
|
T4 |
19.03a |
4.56a |
0.53a |
229.67a |
|
T5 |
19.11a |
5.01a |
0.51a |
242.00a |
|
T6 |
22.85a |
4,.42a |
0.39a |
237.17a |
|
T7 |
20.11a |
4.95a |
0.57a |
250.00a |
|
DMS |
10.23 |
1.92 |
0.29 |
31.49 |
*T1
– 37 g cattle manure per pot (15 t ha-1), T2 – 75 g cattle manure
per m² (30 t ha-1) recommended; T3 – 150 g cattle manure per m² (60
t ha-1) ); T4 – 5% of the biofertilizer at the concentration of 50
mL L-1; T5 – 10% of the biofertilizer at the concentration of 100 mL
L-1; T6 –15% of the biofertilizer at the concentration of 150 mL L-1;
T7 – control (mineral fertilization). Means with different letters differ from
each other by the test of Tukey at 5% probability.
The results indicate that fertilization with biofertilizer
did not promote an increase in photosynthetic activity in relation to the other
treatments, instead, it promoted an increase in the growth and production of
radish plants, which can be attributed to the improvement in soil physical and
chemical properties (GOMES et al., 2015; OLIVEIRA NETO et al., 2017). The
literature shows results for which several authors obtained significant
responses that stimulated the physiological activity of plants. Silva et al.
(2010) in lettuce plants under organic fertilization with biofertilizer
observed that the entrada application also stimulated the physiological
activity of lettuce plants. Lima Neto et al. (2021) in pepper plants using the
biofertilizer in the soil stimulated the plant's physiological activity (Table
1).
Although the use of biofertilizer has allowed an increase in
the production of tuberous roots, it was not enough to keep the gas exchanges
equal to those of T1 and T7 treatments, since there were lower values of A, gs, and E. These results allow us to infer that the radish
is quite sensitive to fertilization variations, since the twice of the
recommended manure fertilization (T3) was sufficient to cause significant
negative effects on the gas exchange of these cultivars.
The
doses of 75 g of bovine manure and 10% of the biofertilizer obtained the
highest averages of the diameter of the tuberous root and fresh matter of the
tuberous root.
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